In the preceding chapter, you created a few text files using the touch command, but they were all empty text filesunlikely to be of much use for any common purpose. Most of the time if you're creating a text file, you need it to contain specific text that you enter yourself. At the Linux command line, two major editors are commonly used to create text filesand they are polar opposites. The first is a small, classic Unix tool called vi; the second is a large, extensible data processor called emacs. You can use either editor to create the kinds of documents you want to create at the Linux command line. The vi editor is generally preferred by users who want a minimal, fast, no-frills editing experience, and the emacs editor is generally preferred by power users. The editor you choose to use on a daily basis is ultimately a matter of personal preference and little more; some Linux administration tools integrate the vi editor as part of their functionality, however, so you should at least become moderately familiar with vi.
Using vi to Create or Edit Text FilesThe vi editor is popular because, unlike emacs, it's nearly always present, even on the most minimal system. It's also popular because, unlike emacs, vi is small and fast. Begin work on an empty document now by typing the vi command followed by the name of the file you want to create as an argument. Call this file myvifile.txt: [you@workstation20 ~]$ vi myvifile.txt
You always know you're working in vi when you see the line of tilde (~) characters stretching down the left side of your console. These characters indicate that there is no text yet on any of these lines. Don't actually try to type anything yet; you won't be able to. The vi editor is line-oriented and has two modes. When you first start vi, you are in a mode not designed to allow text entry. You are looking at the command mode right now. Anything you type, including normal alphabetic text, will not appear in the document; rather, it will be interpreted by vi as an attempt to demand action. In command mode, you can save your file, move your cursor around, delete phrases or lines of text, and so on. The insert mode is the only mode in which you can directly enter text, and while vi is in the insert mode, text entry is nearly the only thing you can do. This two-mode system inevitably confuses new vi users at first, but after a little practice, most people become comfortable with it. Let's insert some text. Inserting Text in viTo begin inserting text in the vi file you're working on, myvifile.txt, press the i key. Notice that the word INSERT appears at the bottom of the display, as shown in Figure 20.1. Figure 20.1. The vi editor in insert mode, waiting for you to enter text. All keyboard entry from now on is considered text input until you press the Esc key.Enter a few lines of text now. Follow along with the examples here or enter your own text. Note that there is no word wrap in vi; when you come to the end of a line, you must press Enter to start a new line of text: The vi editor is ubiquitous in Unix. Because of this, it is important that all aspiring Unix users understand how to interact with vi.
When you finish entering text, press the Esc key to exit the insert mode and return to command mode. When you do so, notice that the word INSERT disappears from the status line at the bottom of the screen. Now you've inserted some text. But what if you want to change what you've typed so far? In vi, the methods for making changes aren't always obvious. Editing Text in viYou use keystroke commands to navigate and edit text in vi. Table 20.1 shows some of the most common keystrokes.
Try using the movement and editing keys in command mode to alter the text you just entered, to delete a line or a few characters of text, or to insert or append some text to the file. If you get confused, the keyboard stops responding, or keys don't work as you expect them to while you are editing, you have likely keyed incorrectly; press Esc several times to ensure that you return to the command mode.
Experiment with vi for a while and try to become familiar with it; you'll encounter it often enough in Linux to make it worth your time. Saving and QuittingLet's save the file you just created by entering what may seem like a very cryptic command. Type a colon (:) now. Notice that a colon appears at the lower left of the display and that the cursor has moved there; vi is now waiting for you to enter a more complex command. Type a lowercase w and press Enter. The vi editor responds with a status update at the lower left of the display: "myvifile.txt" [New] 2L, 135C written First, vi indicates the name of the file that has just been saved; you called this file myvifile.txt. Next, vi gives the number of lines in the file (2), followed by the number of individual characters in the file (135). You have now saved your first vi file. A Save As function is also available in vi. To save your text again, this time as a new file, type a colon, and then enter w followed by a space and the name mynewvifile.txt. The vi editor responds with "mynewvifile.txt" i[New] 2L, 135C written You now have two copies of the file in your home directory: myvifile.txt and mynewvifile.txt. That's enough of vi for this book. To exit vi, type a colon and then type q. This command quits vi and returns you to the command prompt.
vi is powerful and worthy of some study, both because of the number of efficiency-oriented editing features it provides and because you will so often encounter it while using Linux or Unix computers at the command line. If you're feeling adventurous, you can explore the bulky online help system in Fedora Core 4's version of the vi editor by restarting vi and entering :help while in command mode. The resulting title page appears in Figure 20.2. Figure 20.2. The title screen for the vi (vim) online help system. The help is reasonably extensive, and you can become quite a vi expert simply by reading these documents.
Using emacs to Create Text FilesIf you found vi to be too minimal for your taste, you'll likely feel better about emacs, although emacs also has its quirks. Whereas vi's focus is on minimalism, basic functionality, and speed, emacs is extensible and programmable and has over the years grown into a monster of a system. Very few people on Earth know everything that can be known about emacs; there are hundreds of modes and commands and an entire programming language (Emacs LISP) to master. For our purposes, however, emacs is going to seem friendly and simple compared to vi. You can start emacs the same way you started vi: Type the emacs command followed by the name of the file you want to open or create as an argument. Use the filename myemacsfile.txt: [you@workstation20 ~]$ emacs myemacsfile.txt Depending on your system configuration, loading emacs might take somewhat longer than loading vi. emacs is a much larger and more complex editor than vi. After emacs loads, you find yourself looking at the screen shown in Figure 20.3 if you started emacs in a virtual console, or at the new application window shown in Figure 20.4 if you started emacs from a desktop Terminal. Figure 20.3. The emacs editor clearly has a more accessible look than vi and is designed to function in some ways that Windows users are more accustomed to.Figure 20.4. If you start emacs from the Terminal application on your desktop, it looks like and responds to mouse clicks just like any other application.Starting emacs from a desktop Terminal opens a new window, complete with point-and-click menus. You should still learn the keystrokes in this chapter, though! Inserting text into the emacs editor is easy: Just type. The arrow keys, Backspace and Delete keys, Page Up and Page Down keys, and Home and End keys all behave as you expect them to. When you reach the end of the first line, you'll soon find out that, like vi, emacs does not normally automatically word wrap. Remember to press Enter at the end of each line because emacs is a line-oriented editor. If you don't press Enter at the end of each line, only one very long line of text is written when you save your file. Using the emacs Menu SystemIf you are using emacs on the desktop, a familiar and relatively user-friendly menu bar appears across the top of the application window; you can navigate through it just as you normally would using your mouse. Although the top of the emacs display in a virtual console might appear to have a menu bar as well, this isn't really the case. There is no way to visually activate drop-down menus at the console. You can, however, access the fairly intuitive emacs menu in a virtual console by pressing the F10 key at almost any time. When you press F10, your display is split in two, and the lower half of your display fills with options that you can activate with a single keypress (see Figure 20.5). Figure 20.5. When you bring up the emacs menu system at the console, you can activate each item by pressing its respective key.To save the file you have been working on, press f to open the File menu and then s to save it after the File menu appears. emacs displays a message in the small area at the bottom of the screen, known as the minibuffer, to let you know that the file has been saved: wrote /home/you/myemacsfile.txt You can use the F10 menu system in emacs to perform most basic editing, saving, and loading functions at the command line. For most users, the F10 menu and simpler editing style make emacs the editor of choice over vi. Using Essential emacs KeystrokesIf you aren't too ham-handed, you might be able to use emacs and the F10 menu for months or even years without getting into trouble. However, an accidental keystroke that leaves emacs expecting additional commands may leave you sitting in front of a beeping emacs editor printing cryptic error messages or demands in the minibuffer. The essential keystroke to know at such times is written in the emacs documentation as C-g (hold down Ctrl and press g). This combination is the emacs abort keystroke. The emacs editor is large enough and complex enough that there will be many opportunities, after mis-keying, to find yourself in an unknown state with respect to emacs' expectations; most of the time, repeatedly pressing C-g until things return to normal is the solution to this type of confusion. Table 20.2 lists a few other interesting emacs keystrokessome accessible from the menu system, some not. To understand this table, you must first become familiar with the format of emacs keystrokes:
Note that the letters in these Control key combinations are case sensitive, so be careful to press the keys indicated, rather than their uppercase or lowercase counterparts. One final keystroke before we finish our discussion of emacs takes you well on your way to becoming an emacs guru. To see a list of available commands in emacs, press M-x and then the Tab key. A buffer containing a list of emacs commands appears. Press C-xo until your cursor appears in that pane; you can then use Page Up and Page Down to browse through the available commands. If you see one you would like to try, type it into the minibuffer and press Enter. The various emacs commands include the following:
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